The recent Australian State Administrative Tribunal (SAT) ruling demanding the culling of 117 wild donkeys on Kachana Station is a stark reminder of a rigid, outdated approach to land management in Western Australia . It pits half a century of established " feral pest " dogma against two decades of on-the-ground ecological experimentation—and, depressingly, dogma won. The Flaw in the 'Cull Everything' Dogma ​For years, the story of non-native animals in Australia has been a simple one: pest equals problem; problem equals eradication. The figures are staggering: nearly 600,000 donkeys culled in the Kimberley since 1980 at a cost of over $8 million. Yet, despite this costly, decades-long campaign, the animals persist, and the underlying issues of land degradation and increasing bushfire risk remain. ​Enter the Henggeler family of Kachana Station. Their position, backed by 20 years of research, is a direct challenge to this simplistic view: what if the "pest...

Crude Protein Requirements for Livestock Crude Protein Requirements for Livestock Livestock Type Category Stage/Production Crude Protein Requirement (%) Poultry Broilers Starter (0–3 weeks) 22–24% Grower (3–6 weeks) 20–22% Finisher (6–8 weeks) 18–20% Layers Starter (0–6 weeks) 18–20% Grower (6–18 weeks) 15–16% Laying hens (18+ weeks) 16–18% Swine Piglets Pre-starter (3–5 kg) 24–26% Starter (5–10 kg) 20–22% Grower Pigs 10–50 kg...

A ng pag-aalaga ng hayop ay marapat mayroong kaakibat na sipag at tiyaga para maging maayos at produktibo ang isang farm. Ang pagpapanatili ng magandang produksyon sa iyong paghahayupan ay hindi lamang dapat nakabatay sa kung ano ang nakasanayang gawin sa loob ng bakuran ng iyong farm. Mas maiging kumuha o mag-adapt din tayo ng  mga kaalamang galing sa ibang farms, professionals, instructors at mga dalubhasa sa paghahayupan. Sa article na ito ibabahagi ko sa inyo ang mga dapat tandaan sa wastong pagpili ng inahing manok na maaring makatulong sa pagpaparami ng iyong produksyon. Ito ay ilan lamang sa mga natutuhan ko sa isang free seminar organized by ATI (Agricultural Training Institute) Bicol titled with "Native Chicken Production". Ika nga "Sharing is Caring". Mas mabuting malaman natin ito ng sa gayon ay maiwasan natin ang massive losses of our production. Alam naman natin na with the good broodhen maaari tayong magkaroon ng maraming produce of chicks with i...

The importance of molasses as an essential and vital ingredient for animal feeds, either for poultry or swine, cannot be overstated. Molasses is a by-product of sugar manufacturing, which undergoes several procedures to turn sugarcane into a liquid form. We have already talked about the nutrients readily available in molasses  that can be taken by animals. Molasses also contains potassium, calcium, magnesium, vitamin B6, and iron, which are essential for animal body activities and development. Yet, some farmers have no idea how to use molasses as a feed additive for ruminants and its proper application. For safety reasons, molasses ad libitum is not recommended for all animals as they can suffer from molasses toxicity and bloating; the restrictive amount should be followed as much as possible. According to S. Senthilkumar et al. (2016), the ideal amount of molasses to be added to complete diets for dairy cows is up to 3kg per head per day. Whereas, in beef cattle, including...

Copra is a dry coconut flesh obtained either by sun-drying or smoking. It is used as raw material of Coconut Oil by extracting using machineries. Copra cake is a by-product of oil manufacturing, obtained by extracting oil from the dry copra meal. The byproducts in coconut oil manufacturing are a good source of crude protein and fiber suitable for ruminant animals. In 1990, the European Union tightened the aflatoxin limit for copra to 20µg/kg in dairy feed, which means that copra cake with this amount is more dangerous to animal health. To help the market and the coconut farmers affected by this rule, a Commodity Flow Diagram has been used to address the problem. The study found that aflatoxin occurs within 10 days after splitting of coconuts. This is during the drying process of copra meat. Premature harvesting of coconuts for copra production is also not recommended because of its watery characteristic and contamination could occur prior to drying. Also, according to the st...

Make your own feeds with balance nutrients for your poultry, swine and ruminants. List of Contents I. What is Pearson Square? II. How to use Pearson Square? II. Example on how to calculate feed ingredients using Pearson Square. What is Pearson Square? The Pearson Square is a simple mathematical tool used in animal nutrition to calculate the proportion of two or more feed ingredients needed to meet specific nutrient requirements. It is named after its inventor, Professor Karl Pearson, a English mathematician and statistician who developed the square in the late 19th century. The square is represented as a two-by-two matrix, with each corner representing a different feed ingredient and the center indicating the target nutrient concentration. How to use Pearson Square? To use the Pearson Square, the nutrient concentrations of the feed ingredients are first determined. Then, the desired nutrient concentration is identified and placed in the center of t...

Animal Science is a branch of science that focuses on the study of animals, particularly in relation to their production, management, and overall well-being. It encompasses various aspects of animal biology, physiology, genetics, nutrition, reproduction, behavior, health, and welfare. Animal scientists aim to understand the biological processes, behavior, and characteristics of animals in order to improve their productivity, health, and quality of life. Animal Science covers a wide range of disciplines and applications, including livestock production (such as cattle, pigs, poultry, and sheep), companion animal management, aquaculture, wildlife conservation, and laboratory animal science. Professionals in this field may work in research, production, management, education, or various industries related to animals and their products. What are the Goals of Animal Science? The goals of Animal Science include enhancing animal productivity, improving animal health and welfare, developing sust...

Dent Corn is mostly used for animal feeds | Photo by Livier Garcia List of Contents I. What is Corn? II. Why corn used as feed for animals? III. What types of cornmeal are best for your animals? What is Corn? Corn, scientifically known as Zea mays, is a cereal grain and one of the most widely cultivated and important staple crops in the world. It is a member of the grass family, Poaceae. Corn originated in Mesoamerica and has been cultivated for thousands of years. The plant has a tall stalk with leaves and produces ears that contain the edible kernels. There are different varieties of corn, including dent corn, sweet corn, popcorn, and flint corn, each with its own specific characteristics and uses. But let just talk about the dent corn also known as Zea mays var. indentata which are mostly used for feed or as parts of animal feed ration especially for poultry. Why corn used as feed for animals? Corn is a high-energy feed ingredient due to its high carbohydrat...

Molasses syrup | Image by vecstock on Freepik List of Contents I. What is Molasses? II. Different kinds of Molasses III. What are the nutrients readily absorb by animal body? What is Molasses? Molasses is a thick, dark, syrupy liquid that is a byproduct of the sugar refining process. It is made by boiling sugar cane juice or sugar beet juice until most of the water content has evaporated, leaving behind a thick, viscous syrup. Molasses is primarily composed of water, sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Molasses contains significant amounts of vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.  Different kinds of Molasses Molasses can vary in color and flavor depending on the degree to which it has been boiled and the type of sugar used. Light molasses is made from the first boiling and is lighter in color and milder in flavor. Dark molasses is made from the second boiling and is darker and stronger in flavor. Blackstrap molasses is made from ...

Glycine Amino Acid Illustration by  OpenClipart-Vectors | Glycine is the simplest amino acid, which is a building block of proteins. In the animal body, the substance that is primarily responsible for breaking down proteins is enzymes called proteases. Proteases are a type of enzyme that catalyze the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, which are the chemical bonds that link amino acids together in proteins. Proteases are produced by various organs and tissues throughout the body, including the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine. In the stomach, the protease pepsin is secreted and starts breaking down proteins into smaller peptides. In the small intestine, various proteases produced by the pancreas, including trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase, further break down peptides into amino acids. These amino acids are then absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to various tissues where they are used to build new proteins or for other metabolic processes. Proteases ...

There are different types of abnormal or unusual eggs that poultry raisers may come across. Some of these abnormalities include eggs with no shell, soft shells, thin egg shells, double yolks, no yolks, abnormal color pigmentation, eggs within eggs, lash eggs, and many more. Each abnormality has its own reasons and causes for forming. In our case, we have one chicken named Kaber that consistently lays eggs with rough and thin egg shells. As for the egg shown in the picture, it was laid by another hen, and we cannot determine the specific abnormality of its shape. (A) Oddly shaped egg (B) Normal egg The main reasons for the formation of oddly shaped eggs, as well as soft and thin eggs, are stress and a lack of calcium in the hen's diet. When hens are under stress, the secretions from the shell gland cells become acidic, which can lead to cell damage or destruction, resulting in misshapen eggs that may not be fully formed. During the egg formation process in the shell gland, whic...

Young pigs require iron to help protect their bodies against potential illnesses. Pigs are born with approximately 40-50mg of iron reserves in their bodies, which can last for only four days. Therefore, supplemental iron should be given to young pigs as early as possible, preferably on their 3rd day after birth. An injection of 100mg/1ml of iron content should be administered to support their iron needs and prevent anemia, which can occur after 10-15 days. To improve the survival rate, another dose of iron should be given to the young pig on its 10th or 14th day after birth. A deficiency of iron, an essential mineral for piglets, can lead to anemia (a low level of hemoglobin in the red blood cells). Anemia can result in difficulty breathing for animals due to reduced oxygen transportation in the body, making the animal more susceptible to diseases. Here is the proper way to inject iron into piglets: Prepare a bottle of iron, a syringe, cotton, and alcohol. Fill the syringe with 1ml ...

Chicken eggs need to be incubated at a temperature of 37 - 39 degrees Celsius, either through natural incubation or using an incubator. After 19 to 21 days of brooding, the first crack may become visible on the egg's surface. However, it is important not to assist the chick in breaking out of the shell at this point, as it can have severe impacts on the chick's health, especially if the eggshell cracks on the 19th day of incubation. The chicks should fully consume their food inside the shell. The yolk serves as a nutritive material during the embryonic period, while the albumen (egg white) provides protein for cell development. Both of these play an essential role in the embryo's development. What part does the chick use for pipping?  The Chick's Egg tooth, which is lost soon after hatching, is responsible for pipping. An egg tooth is a small, elongated bone above the upper mandible. The chick's neck muscle, called the pipping muscle, helps it reach the egg surf...

A ng egg incubator ay isang paraan sa pagpapapisa ng itlog gamit ang natural na init ng incandescent bulb. May mga iba’t ibang uri ng egg incubator. Mayroong gawa sa karton, styrofoam, plastic container, bakal, at flywoods. Sa article na ito ibabahagi ko sa inyo kung paano gumawa ng mini homemade egg incubator gamit ang styrofoam.  Sa paggawa ng egg incubator kailangan natin ng styrofoam, small monitoring glass (optional), small cup, sponge, water, amazon screen, wire, incandescent bulb, thermostat, at eggs. Ito ay ang pasunod-sunod kung paano gumawa ng egg incubator: 1. Gumawa ng tatlong maliliit na butas sa gilid ng Styrofoam. Dapat ito ay nasa gitna at maaring kasing laki lamang ng iyong hinliliit. Gumawa ulit ng isang malaking butas sa taas/takip ng Styrofoam. Ang malaking butas ay kailangan may takip. Ang mga butas na ito ay magsisilbing daanan ng hangin papasok at palabas ng incubator. Ang malaking butas ay may dalawang gamit; una, kapag mabilis tumaas ang temper...

A ng kalapati (Pigeon) ay isa sa pinakamagandang ibong pwede nating alagaan. Ginagamit natin ito bilang isang simbolismo sa pag-iisang dibdib, ginagawa nating Racing Pigeon, o kaya'y pet lamang. Mayroon itong iba't ibang kulay. Photo by Mali Maeder of Pexels Isa sa mga katanungang pumapasok sa isipan ng gustong mag-alaga nito ay kung "Paano malalaman kung ang kalapati ay lalaki o babae?" Paano nga ba? May dalawang paraan para malaman mo ang kasarian ng isang kalapati (Pigeon).   Ang paggalaw ng buntot ng kalapati Ito ang sabi ng isang beteranong pigeon breeder na si Leahrd Dadiz sa isang episode ng Tapatan ni Tunying hosted by Anthony Taberna, Kapag hinawakan mo ang kalapati at gumalaw paitaas ang buntot nito ito ay babae. Paano? Hawakan mo ang kalapati paharap sa iyo at antayin mong ito'y magstable ng saglit at pagkatapos gagalaw ang buntot nito paitaas. Samakatuwid, kapag hindi gumalaw  ito ay lalaki. Pinapakita ni Learhrd Dadiz kung ...

I sa sa mga factors na nakatutulong sa maayos na paglaki ng manok ay ang tamang sukat ng kulungan. Sa mga nag-aalaga ng manok pansabong at native na manok kadalasang binabaliwala na natin ang sukat at laki ng kulungan. Pero sa mga nagbabalak tumayo ng sariling poultry farm, this is the best first thing to know. Why? Maximizing the space we have is the best for the business para hindi masayang yong investment natin sa lupa. Bakit nga ba natin kailangan malaman ang tamang sukat sa kulungan ng manok? Halimbawa na lamang kung ikaw ay nagpagawa ng isang poultry house, kung hindi mo ito alam pwede kang malugi. Kasi possible kung ang capacity pala ng building mo ay kaya ang 10,000 heads of broiler and then you just raise only 8,000 heads, sayang pa din ang 2,000 heads na dapat ay magiging kita mo na. Just wise thinker, that’s why I wanna share this thing to those who are willing to put up a poultry farm.  Ito ang tamang sukat, kailangan at least 0.75 sq. ft to 1 sq. ft ang sukat na pag...